Everything You Need to Know About R-22 Refrigerant in AC Systems (Usage, Phase-Out, and Servicing in Dubai)
R-22 has been a key refrigerant in air conditioning systems for decades, especially in homes and commercial buildings across Dubai. As global regulations tighten, many older systems still rely on it. This page explains how R-22 works, why it’s being phased out, and what options remain for owners and technicians.
What is R-22 Refrigerant?
R-22, also known as chlorodifluoromethane or HCFC-22, is a type of hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerant. It has been widely recognized under the trade name Freon-22. This gas is colorless, non-flammable, and has a slightly sweet odor. For many years, R-22 was a common refrigerant used in residential, commercial, and industrial air conditioning and refrigeration systems. Its chemical properties made it suitable for a wide range of cooling applications, especially in warmer climates.
Historical Use
R-22 was introduced as a replacement for older refrigerants like R-12, which had a much higher ozone depletion potential. Starting in the 1970s, R-22 quickly became the industry standard for air conditioning systems due to its stability, availability, and performance. By the late 20th century, most split AC units, central air systems, and many commercial cooling systems were designed to operate with R-22. Its usage on such a huge sale made it one of the most familiar refrigerants in the HVAC industry for decades.
Cooling Performance
One of the key reasons for R-22’s popularity was its effective cooling capability. It allowed for excellent heat transfer in both evaporators and condensers, making systems efficient and dependable. R-22 systems used mineral oil as a lubricant, which worked well with the copper components commonly found in HVAC systems at the time. The operating pressures of R-22 were moderate, allowing for consistent performance without requiring the heavy-duty components used in some newer systems. This made R-22 a practical and efficient solution for both residential and commercial cooling needs.
Chemical & Physical Properties of R-22 Refrigerant
Understanding the chemical and physical properties of R-22 is essential for safe handling, proper system maintenance, and evaluating its long-term impact on equipment and the environment. Let’s understand its composition in depth:
1- Composition
R-22 has the chemical formula CHClF₂, which means it is composed of chlorine, hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon. It belongs to the hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) family of refrigerants. The presence of chlorine in its structure is the main reason it raised environmental concerns later in its life cycle. Although it was considered safer than older CFCs, the chlorine component still contributes to ozone layer depletion.
2- Physical State
At room temperature, R-22 exists as a gas. Its boiling point is approximately –40.7 °C, which makes it effective for absorbing and releasing heat in HVAC systems. R-22 is non-flammable and has a low level of toxicity under normal operating conditions. However, in high concentrations, it can act as an asphyxiant by displacing oxygen in enclosed spaces, which makes proper ventilation important during handling or servicing.
3- Ozone Depletion and Global Warming Potential
The ozone depletion potential (ODP) of R-22 is about 0.055, which is significantly lower than earlier refrigerants like R-11, but still contributes to ozone damage. Its global warming potential (GWP) is approximately 1810 on a 100-year scale. These environmental impacts led to international agreements and national policies that phased out R-22 in favor of safer alternatives with lower ODP and GWP values.
4- Standard Charge and System Pressure
R-22 is typically stored and transported in liquid form inside pressurized cylinders, such as the commonly used 30-pound tanks. It operates at moderate pressures, with a vapor pressure of around 908 kPa at 20 °C. This is lower than the operating pressures of newer refrigerants like R-410A. Because of this, R-22 systems were built with components that are not directly compatible with high-pressure alternatives, which is a key consideration during retrofits or replacements.
Applications in AC/HVAC Systems
R-22 was widely used across many types of air conditioning and refrigeration systems due to its effective cooling properties and compatibility with various system designs. Its reliability made it a standard choice in both residential and commercial sectors for many years.
- In residential settings, R-22 was commonly used in split-system air conditioners, window units, and ducted central cooling systems. These systems were especially popular in homes built before 2010. Major global brands such as Carrier, Daikin, LG, Hitachi, and Mitsubishi manufactured a wide range of models designed to operate with R-22.
- Commercial buildings also relied heavily on R-22. It was commonly found in packaged rooftop units, commercial chillers, and large air handling systems serving offices, shopping malls, schools, and hotels. Centrifugal chillers and other large-capacity cooling systems used R-22 or earlier CFC refrigerants.
- Beyond air conditioning, R-22 also played a role in other cooling applications. It was used in residential and commercial heat pumps, dehumidifiers, and a variety of refrigeration equipment including small freezers and beverage coolers. Additionally, it served as a propellant in certain industrial and specialty applications where its thermodynamic properties were suitable.
- R-22 was compatible with a wide range of system designs. These included window AC units, through-the-wall units, split systems (both wall-mounted and ducted), and early versions of multi-split and VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) or VRV (Variable Refrigerant Volume) systems. Many of the first-generation VRF systems were based on R-22 technology. As HVAC technology evolved, modern VRF systems began transitioning to newer refrigerants like R-410A and R-32 to meet environmental regulations.
How R-22 Works in an AC System
Understanding how R-22 functions inside an air conditioning system helps in diagnosing performance issues, planning maintenance, and making decisions about retrofitting or replacement.
Refrigeration Cycle
R-22 operates using a standard vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. It circulates through the system in a closed loop, moving through four main components: the compressor, condenser, expansion device, and evaporator. Inside the evaporator coil, R-22 absorbs heat from indoor air as it evaporates into a gas. This heat is then released outdoors through the condenser as the refrigerant changes back into a liquid. The cycle continues to remove indoor heat and maintain comfortable temperatures. R-22’s boiling and condensation points are well-suited for residential and commercial cooling loads, making it effective in a wide range of environments.
Oil Compatibility
R-22 systems were originally designed to work with mineral oil, which acts as a lubricant for the compressor and other moving parts. When switching to alternative refrigerants like R-410A, the oil type becomes a critical factor. Most modern refrigerants are not compatible with mineral oil and require synthetic lubricants such as POE (polyolester) oil. Without the correct oil, the system may suffer from poor lubrication, reduced efficiency, or mechanical failure. This is one reason retrofitting an R-22 system must be done carefully and professionally.
Operating Pressures
Systems that use R-22 operate at moderate pressure levels, which is part of what made it a practical choice for older HVAC systems. In contrast, newer refrigerants like R-410A operate at significantly higher pressures. Because of this difference, R-410A cannot be used in an R-22 system without upgrading or replacing key components, including the compressor, refrigerant lines, and expansion valve. Trying to use a high-pressure refrigerant in a system not built for it can be dangerous and ineffective.
Safety
R-22 is classified as nonflammable and has low toxicity under normal conditions. However, in enclosed spaces, a refrigerant leak can displace oxygen and pose an asphyxiation risk. Technicians must use proper safety procedures, including leak detection equipment and good ventilation during service. In many regions, including Dubai, handling R-22 is restricted to certified HVAC professionals to ensure safety and compliance with environmental regulations.
Environmental Impacts of Using R-22 Refrigerant
R-22 has played a major role in cooling systems for decades, but its environmental effects have led to strict global regulations and eventual phase-out.
Ozone Depletion
One of the most serious environmental concerns with R-22 is its contribution to ozone layer damage. The chlorine atom in its chemical structure is stable enough to reach the stratosphere, where it breaks down ozone molecules. While R-22 has a lower ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.055 compared to older refrigerants like CFC-12, which had an ODP of 1.0, it still causes harm. The depletion of the ozone layer increases exposure to harmful ultraviolet radiation, which can affect human health and ecosystems.
Global Warming
In addition to ozone damage, R-22 also has a significant impact on climate change. Its global warming potential (GWP) is approximately 1810 over a 100-year time horizon. This means that one kilogram of R-22 released into the atmosphere has the same warming effect as 1810 kilograms of carbon dioxide. Because of this high GWP, continued use of R-22 contributes to the greenhouse effect and rising global temperatures.
Regulatory Agreements
To reduce these environmental risks, R-22 has been regulated under international agreements. The 1987 Montreal Protocol was the key treaty that targeted ozone-depleting substances. It required countries around the world to phase out the production and use of substances like R-22. Later amendments to the treaty established specific timelines for reducing and eventually eliminating HCFCs, including R-22. These agreements have led to national regulations that limit its availability and encourage the transition to more sustainable alternatives.
R-22 Ban, Deadlines, and Regulatory Rules You Must Know
Due to its environmental impact, R-22 has been the focus of strict global regulations. Over the years, international agreements and national policies have gradually phased out its use in favor of safer and more sustainable refrigerants.
- Montreal Protocol Timelines: Developed countries banned new R-22 systems by 2010 and servicing by 2020. Developing countries will complete phase-out by 2030 under international environmental agreements.
- United States: The EPA ended R-22 equipment production in 2010 and banned refrigerant imports by 2020. Only reclaimed R-22 is allowed for servicing existing systems today.
- European Union: Since 2010, the EU has prohibited new use of R-22. By 2015, all servicing was banned, requiring full system upgrades to non-HCFC refrigerants.
- UAE and Middle East: The UAE banned R-22 sales and distribution in 2015. All existing systems in Dubai must now be serviced using reclaimed refrigerant or converted.
- Worldwide Effect: Most countries now restrict R-22 to reclaimed use. Certified technicians are required for handling, and illegal venting carries penalties to protect the environment.
Modern Refrigerant Alternatives to R-22 and Their System Requirements
- R-410A is the most widely used replacement for R-22. Other retrofit blends include R-407C, R-422, R-404A, and MO99 (R-438A) that offers similar performance.
- Newer refrigerants like R-32, R-454B (Puron Advance), and various HFO/HFC blends provide much lower global warming potential. Natural choices include ammonia and propane in specific systems.
- There is no direct replacement for R-22. Most alternatives require changes to components like compressors, oils, and heat exchangers to ensure proper system operation.
- Alternative refrigerants may run at higher pressures or have different thermal properties. System performance and efficiency can vary, so professional evaluation is always recommended.
Retrofits & Conversions
Retrofitting an R-22 system involves replacing or modifying key components such as compressors, evaporator and condenser coils, expansion valves, and lubricants. Since R-22 systems use mineral oil, switching to a modern refrigerant often requires synthetic oil like POE. Manufacturers like Carrier and Daikin provide retrofit guidelines tailored to specific models. Some refrigerants, such as R-438A (MO99), may allow reuse of existing refrigerant lines, but proper system tuning is still necessary to ensure performance and reliability. Retrofitting is generally recommended only when the system is structurally sound and replacement is not immediately feasible.
However, retrofitting has limitations. It can lead to reduced cooling capacity, lower efficiency, or even voided warranties if not done correctly. For older or large-scale systems, the cost and complexity of retrofitting may outweigh the benefits. In many cases, full replacement is the better long-term solution. New systems are designed for modern refrigerants and built to meet today’s environmental and efficiency standards. If an R-22 unit is 15 years or older, replacement is often the most cost-effective and future-ready option.
Maintenance & Servicing Considerations
R-22 systems must be handled by certified HVAC technicians, as required by environmental regulations. These professionals are trained in safe refrigerant recovery, leak detection, and compliance with phase-out rules. Routine inspections are essential to detect refrigerant leaks early using proper tools such as electronic leak detectors. If a leak is found, it must be sealed before the system is recharged to prevent ozone-depleting emissions. Any R-22 removed from a system must be captured and reclaimed with approved recovery equipment. Venting R-22 into the atmosphere is illegal and subject to heavy penalties. Reclaimed refrigerant is cleaned and reused for servicing older systems.
Because new production of R-22 is banned, only recycled refrigerant is available, which has led to increased pricing over time. Costs may continue to rise as remaining supplies decline, making long-term servicing more expensive. Regular maintenance becomes even more critical for aging systems and tasks like filter replacement, coil cleaning, and refrigerant level checks help preserve performance and efficiency. In well-maintained units, extending system life can be a practical short-term strategy. However, safety remains important. While R-22 is nonflammable and has low toxicity, high concentrations can cause dizziness or breathing issues. In the event of a large leak, proper ventilation and protective equipment should always be used.
Major AC Types and Brands Using R-22
Before 2010, nearly all leading air conditioning manufacturers produced systems designed for R-22 refrigerants. Brands such as Carrier, Trane, Daikin, LG, Mitsubishi, Toshiba, York, Lennox, and Fujitsu offered a wide range of models running on R-22. These units were known for reliable cooling performance and were widely adopted in both residential and commercial applications across global markets.
R-22 Using Air Conditioning System
Window and split-type air conditioners from brands like LG, Samsung, and Hitachi commonly used R-22 through the 1990s and 2000s. Commercial packaged rooftop units from Carrier, York, and Trane were also R-22-based and were frequently installed in offices, malls, and institutional buildings. Early VRF and VRV systems from Daikin and Mitsubishi Electric also ran on R-22 before switching to newer refrigerants in later generations.
Popular legacy systems include the pre-2010 Carrier Infinity and Comfort series, Daikin and Fujitsu residential split systems over 20 years old, and inverter-based Toshiba units from the early 2000s. Mitsubishi Electric’s first-generation City Multi VRF systems were also R-22-based and can still be found in some operational buildings today.
Use of R-22 in Dubai’s Market
In Dubai, many older villas, apartment towers, and commercial buildings are still equipped with R-22 systems from these global brands. Technicians also encounter units from locally distributed names such as Aftron, which served as a retrofit-friendly option during the R-22 era. Legacy systems remain common in properties built before 2010, especially in areas that have not undergone recent HVAC upgrades.
Starting around 2010, all major manufacturers transitioned to R-410A or R-32 refrigerants in new product lines. These newer models often feature inverter technology and improved energy efficiency to meet updated environmental standards and offer better performance for today’s cooling demands.
R-22 Using Air Conditioning System
Window and split-type air conditioners from brands like LG, Samsung, and Hitachi commonly used R-22 through the 1990s and 2000s. Commercial packaged rooftop units from Carrier, York, and Trane were also R-22-based and were frequently installed in offices, malls, and institutional buildings. Early VRF and VRV systems from Daikin and Mitsubishi Electric also ran on R-22 before switching to newer refrigerants in later generations.
Popular legacy systems include the pre-2010 Carrier Infinity and Comfort series, Daikin and Fujitsu residential split systems over 20 years old, and inverter-based Toshiba units from the early 2000s. Mitsubishi Electric’s first-generation City Multi VRF systems were also R-22-based and can still be found in some operational buildings today.
Use of R-22 in Dubai’s Market
In Dubai, many older villas, apartment towers, and commercial buildings are still equipped with R-22 systems from these global brands. Technicians also encounter units from locally distributed names such as Aftron, which served as a retrofit-friendly option during the R-22 era. Legacy systems remain common in properties built before 2010, especially in areas that have not undergone recent HVAC upgrades.
Starting around 2010, all major manufacturers transitioned to R-410A or R-32 refrigerants in new product lines. These newer models often feature inverter technology and improved energy efficiency to meet updated environmental standards and offer better performance for today’s cooling demands.
Critical Factors in R-22 System Management
Although the production of new R-22 has been banned, a significant amount remains in circulation through recovery and recycling programs. Globally, hundreds of millions of pounds are still in use across existing systems. These stockpiles have kept the supply stable for continued servicing. However, as reclaimed sources are gradually consumed, prices may rise depending on market demand and availability.
Cost-Benefit of Retrofitting vs. Replacing
For larger commercial systems such as chillers, retrofitting to alternatives like R-410A or R-407C may be considered to extend system life. However, experienced technicians emphasize that this process requires careful engineering and is not as simple as swapping parts or oil. Every component must be assessed for compatibility. In most residential and light commercial cases, full replacement remains the more cost-effective and reliable option.
Equipment Lifespan
R-22 systems typically operate for 15 to 25 years, depending on usage and maintenance. Many owners choose to continue servicing these systems until the end of their usable life. Proper care ensures stable performance and can maintain warranty coverage in supported cases. Extending lifespan through preventive maintenance is often the safest and most economical strategy for well-functioning units.
Oil and Component Considerations
Mineral oil used with R-22 has a tendency to absorb moisture if the system is idle or improperly sealed. Over time, this can lead to internal sludge or acidic buildup which can damage the compressors and valves. During service, vacuum drying and moisture control are essential to preserve component health and system performance.
Legal and Regulatory Practices
Many regions, including the UAE, require documentation and tracking of refrigerant usage. Technicians must maintain records for reclaimed gas use, including proper labeling, logbooks, and invoices. In Dubai, regulations also mandate the safe disposal of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) and old equipment. Compliance is necessary for both environmental protection and legal operation.
Future Outlook
R-22 systems will eventually be phased out entirely as older units reach the end of their life. New refrigerants such as R-454B, R-32, and even natural options like CO₂ are becoming the industry standard. These alternatives offer lower global warming potential and improved efficiency. Technicians in Dubai and across the HVAC industry must stay current with these technologies while continuing to support legacy R-22 systems during the transition.
